Sheep Heart Dissection

Day 1 Procedure ~Points Possible: 50   ~Done as a group, but individual grade~

You will be using a sheep heart for your dissection.  Remember that this sheep gave part of its life to you so that you could learn from it.  Also remember that everyone is not completely comfortable dissecting.  Please be respectful of the specimen and the people around you as you complete your dissection.

Rinse your heart with water in your sink before you begin the dissection.  This will help you to rinse some of the preservatives out and will hopefully make it not smell as much.

In many cases, the pericardium may still be attached to the heart.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hb0gV67CLQ

Q1: What is the purpose of the pericardium? Its the primary wall in the heart that protects the heart from damage. It is a double sack of serous membranes that secretes a fluid to lubricate the heart and reduce friction.

Q2: Observe the blood vessels connecting to the heart.  How do arteries differ from veins in their structure? Arteries have thicker walls than veins. Arteries bring blood away from the heart, and the veins bring blood to the heart.

Q3: Place your finger inside the auricle.  What function do you think the auricle serves? The auricle is rough inside. Its function is to increase the blood capacity and volume in the atrium.

Q4: Observe the external structures of the atria and ventricles.  What differences do you observe? The atrias receive blood while the ventricles discharge the blood. Some differences i observe are the ventricles are a little bigger with thicker walls. The atrias are smaller with less thicker walls.

Q6: Draw a picture of the tricuspid valve, including chordate tendinae and the papillary muscle. ( Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium-RA, and the right ventricle-RV.

Q7: Why is the “anchoring” of the heart valves by the chordate tendinae and the papillary muscle important to heart function? It is important because it helps prevent inversion and prolapse of the valves on systole. It’s to make sure the valve edges don’t get pushed into the atria.

Q8: Using pictures and/or words describe what you see.

I saw a bunch of muscle attached to other muscle.

Q9: What is the function of the semi-lunar valves? Its function is to prevent arterial blood from re-entering the heart.

Q10: Valvular heart disease is when one of more heart valves does not work properly.  Improperly functioning heart valves can lead to regurgitation, which is the backflow of blood through a leaky valve.  Ultimately this can lead to congestive heart failure, a condition that can be life threatening.

If the valve disease occurs on the right side of the heart, it results in swelling in the feet and ankles.  Why might this happen? Because the ventricles aren’t strong enough to pump blood back against gravity from your toes and your feet.

If the valve disease occurs on the left side of the heart, what complications would you expect to see? Because there is not enough blood being pumped throughout the rest of the body.

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Q11: Using pictures and/or words describe what you see. I saw a stringy like object attachted to the ventricle. It was surrounded by fat though because our sheep was fat and had fat in the heart. I then see two valve like structures next to eachother.

Q12: Describe how the left and right sides of the heart differ from each other. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood.

Q13: Draw and label all structures visible in the interior of the cross-section.

Unit 3 Reflection

Content Reflection

•  This unit was about how the body functions. We learned how the heart operates, and functions, along with how the heart looks. we then learned about the blood in your body and blood vessels. We were taught what is in your blood and what it helps do, and then we were taught how there are millions of blood vessels in your body and all of them lead to a certain organ to help circulate blood. We also learned about cardiovascular disease like heart attack, stroke, etc. And we then finished up the unit by learning about the respiratory system and how the body produces oxygen and decomposes carbon dioxide.   The Cardiovascular system works by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the body. The system consists of the heart and the blood vessels in the body. The veins deliver blood to the heart, and the arteries deliver the blood away. 
• Cardiovascular health is having a healthy heart, mind, or body in general. What causes heart disease is unhealthy diets, build up of plaque in the blood stream, lack of exercise and overweight and smoking. What causes stroke is a blood supply to the brain is interrupted. To promote my cardiovascular health, I can eat healthy, exercise daily, not smoke, and know my family history so I know either I'm at risk or not for a heart attack, stroke, or some other type of cardiovascular disease.  I would want to see how the heart actually processes the blood. Like it would be cool to see the blood circulate in the heart.

Reflect on your learning process and self growth 

•  My strengths were being able to understand the heart and its function, but my weakness was not being able to memorize all the different types of strokes, and the different types of white blood cells. Some successes were being able to understand the heart, but setbacks were not having enough time to study due to extracurricular activities, and other course work.I have gotten better at my Unit 2 Health Goals due to more exercise and eating healthier. My goals for the remainder of the semester are to do and complete all my homework on time and then to study my material right after i go over it in class. 

Monday Wellness Reflection

I chose the topic of weight lifting for multiple reasons. The first being I am an athlete and I wanted to know more about my body and how I can get it stronger. I also wanted to know how to weight lift correctly. Sports have always been a huge part of my life, especially baseball, and I had always been the small kid in school, so to fix that I got into weightlifting sophomore year and decided I wanted to get bigger and stronger. I chose this topic also because this is a scarce subject with classmates. At saratoga, it’s primarily focused on academics and a lot of kids don’t play sports sadly. I chose this topic so that I could help encourage people why it's good to exercise, especially weight lifting

Another reason why I chose to do this topic was because Chris plays football and is big into weight lifting too. Before we found our topic for our project, we were talking about ideas, and he told me that he loved to play football and work out. I asked why he loved to work out and he told me that it helped get his mind off of things and that he wanted to be strong so he could challenge other people in football  Because of this, we both wanted to find out what exactly happens when we lift and why it happens.

The most interesting thing I learned while doing this project was that too get bigger, take more rest days. I found this very interesting because everyone thinks that to get bigger, one needs to lift more without rest days. However this is wrong because the muscle needs time to grow and if you keep lifting everyday, then it allows only a little time for it to grow because of the more tears you cause. When muscle grow, the fibers are increasing in size

This can be attributed to an increase in contractile proteins, myofibrils per muscle fiber, connective tissue, and or increased enzymes and stored nutrients. There are two types of muscle growth which are chronic hypertrophy, which is long term, and transient hypertrophy, which is short term.

My topic is important for Health and Wellness because exercise has many positive effects on the body. Without exercise, people would be overweight all the time and possibly obese. Weightlifting helps the body improve strength, endurance, and overall fitness. Weightlifting also lowers blood pressure and cholesterol and it prevents many cancers like lung cancer, brain cancer, and even colon cancer. Finally weightlifting develops stronger bones and it helps to manage chronic conditions like diabetes obesity, heart disease and osteoporosis which is when your bones become fragile.

On a scale of one to ten I would give myself a nine because Chris and I worked for about eight hours on this project and we put a lot of time and effort into this. We spent numerous hours on research for how weight lifting helps the body, along with finding right pictures and videos to show the class what to do and what not to do.

Measuring Blood Pressure

1) The Systole is much higher than the diastole because its measuring the high part of your blood pressure. The diastole is measuring the lower part of your blood pressure

2) The equipment used to measure the blood pressure was the sphygmomanometer which calibrated the pressure in units that indicate the amount of pressure necessary to raise a column of mercury a distance measured in mm. The equipment used to measure heart rate was the stethoscope which allows you yo hear the rate beat a lot better than the human ear.

3) the thumb is NOT ideal to measure your pulse because your thumb has a pulse!

4) How to use a blood pressure cuff is first apply the cuff your bicep right above your elbow. Second is then start to squeeze the bulb until your reach 160 and then let it slowly start to decrease to your systole, and then release the bulb a little bit and wait for the diastole.

Unit 2 Reflection

•  Health is the measure of our bodies efficiency and over all well being. to be healthy, we must be mentally, physically, and socially healthy, meaning enough nutrition, exercise, sleep and being able to manage stress and our social environment.  I am pretty healthy for my age and size. I am good weight, i exercise everyday for at least an hour, and i eat well. However i don't get enough social time because of my heavy involvement with school, sports, college apps, and leadership. I think most students are unhealthy for multiple reasons. But first I'm not trying to knock anyone off, i just think people care too much about school. School is important, but it shouldn't be 18 hours a day for people (including homework and studying.) Because of the heavy education at Saratoga high, most student go to bed 11-2. This is extremely late. Also many students participate in extra curricullar activities causing them to be more stressful. To promote greater health on campus, i think it would be cool to try a week or two WITHOUT any homework and see whether grades go up, go down or stay the same. 

•  The themes and understandings from this unit are overall keeping a good health, and knowing your boundaries in regards to life. Eating healthy, working out at least 30 minutes a day, and keeping a good social life as well as a good mind. I learned a lot in this unit, especially on working out and how i need to be cautious of certain things i do. I learned that to be alert and active during the day, i need to be eating well and going to bed earlier than i do now. 

• What do you still not fully understand? I didn't fully understand the whole hormone unit just because there were a lot of names and some sounded similar. 
• How will you improve in the next unit? I think i can improve on making sure i know whether to write notes or not for homework. AKA communicating. 
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBSVZdTQmDs  This video is about how the power of exercise can help the brain and help students focus in the classroom. It is trying to promote a more healthy life for kids because America is one of the most obese countries in the world. With more exercise, Dr. John Ratey believes that kids will flourish in schools and in strength. 

- my goals for health are to gain weight, but not fat. AKA get more muscle, but be able to maintain quickness and speed. My goal is to also start going to bed a little earlier and making more of my time. finally my health goal concludes with me being more social and hanging out with friends more. A healthy life is important to me because i want to live as long as i can and enjoy life without health concerns. 

Nutrition Analysis

• Write a report summarizing and interpreting the results of your diet monitoring and what you learned from the stations in Falcon Market. Identify and evaluate your nutrient deficiencies and excesses.  Cite specific evidence to explain where you are, vs where you should be.
•  At the Falcon Market, i learned about food. Now i know that seems very generic but its true. I learned whats good and bad about food. Like how many calories is good or bad, how much fat is ok, how much protein one should eat depending on their weight intake, and also what are good ingredients and what are bad. In regards to my diet monitoring i realized that i need to start hydrating more along with eating more fruits and vegetables. Right now i am a bit behind on my  fruits and veggies as you can see below. I am also over my calorie count but it is fine because i exercise for about 2 hours a day and i have a high metabolism which allows me to get rid of calories faster. Thus the more food with the more calories is better, but as long as i don't stop exercising. I should also cut down on the refried grains a little because too much is not good for me. For dairy, even though i have 3-4 cups of milk a day it allows me to strengthen my bones more and it provides me with more calcium. And finally a lot of protein is good for me because i am an athlete and after  a 2 our work out i need to replenish the amino acids in my body to strengthen my muscles. 
• Include a screen shot of your food tracker to show your 3 days of data.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Comment as specifically as you can on what you could do to improve your diet. Bear in mind eliminating an item from for your diet to reduce an excess of one factor may produce a deficiency in another. Conversely adding an item to make up for a deficiency in one factor may produce an excess in another. For the purposes of this assignment, you may not recommend the use of dietary supplements (e.g., vitamin pills). Your goal is to reach the appropriate balance using foods, not supplements.
• What I can improve on is eating more fruits and vegetables. I have a low intake on them and to be healthier and have a "longer" day mentally, i should eat more of those.  I also eat a lot of refined grains daily which i could cut back on so that i don't over do it. 

• What if you had the opportunity to coach someone on proper health and nutrition? What would you tell them to eat and what would you tell them not to eat? Justify your advice.
•  It honestly depends who i was coaching. If i was coaching a skinnier person, i would work them harder by telling them to eat more of a balanced diet while having them workout to stay in shape. But it wouldn't be a lot of cardio, just the whole body in general. If i had more of a heavier person, i would work them harder in the gym and then give them a majority of fruits and vegetables along with milk and yogurt. There goal would be to lose weight but gain muscle. 

Health

Write something on your blog to say what health means to you.  What pillars do you think you are strongest at, and what are you in most need of improvement?  What do you want to learn more about, in regards to health?

-Health to me means food, sleep, and exercise. Its about staying mentally and physically fit. I try to do all of these so that I am able to perform to my maximum each day. My strongest pillars are Exercise and Nutrition. I need work on stress, sleep and social because I am doing either homework or baseball everyday. I haven't had much of a social life in about 4 years. Each night i get at least 6-7 hours of sleep. And my stress level is through the roof. Theres nothing i really want to know more about health because i already know a lot of it. I just want to know what stretches to do for when i get sore/tight in certain spots. 

Unit 1 Reflection

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•  This unit was about the "basics" of anatomy. It was about how different cells function; what different tissues are for, and how they work;  the different macro molecules, and finally what anatomy and physiology are in terms of the body. 
•  The themes present in Unit 1 were the function and structure of the body, basically Anatomy and Physiology. This unit was to show how the body worked and what each structure in your body performed. From where the arms are related to the head, to the tissues that hod our body together, to the cells that make the tissues and our whole body. 
•  During this Unit i learned that Anatomy means structure of the body parts and that Physiology is the function of the body parts. Hence this, i learned how to determine where certain body parts are related to other body parts. For example, the nose is medial, inferior, anterior to the eyes. I then learned about the systems in the body such as the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, immune, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, skeletal and muscular system. I then learned that all cells are either simple or stratified-meaning one, or more layers. Each cell is then either squamous or cuboidal or columnar. Next i learned about the 4 different biological molecules; lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and carbs. Finally i learned about the different tissues in the body such as connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. 
•  I didn't fully understand the shape of the cells all that clear and i kept getting mixed up with the names too. I also didn't get all the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Finally it was hard to tell the difference between the three muscle tissues (Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac). 
•  I will improve on my Temp checks and being more prepared for those. i will also improve on understanding the assignments better and knowing how and when to do them because i was late a couple times along with including to little pictures. 
• Something that relates to this unit is the major of kinesiology. I know this because i had a trainer for baseball and when i talked to him about his major, he said he had to take two years of anatomy and physiology because to be a trainer, you must know the human body like the back of your hand so you know what eeac person can and can't do.  

Tissue Lab

During today's lab, my partner, Nicole, and I went around the classroom looking at different tissues under microscopes. Now i must say that i wasn't really excited about this lab because, well whats fun about tissue? Well theres actually a whole different world to cells in tissue that I, or even some of my classmates thought. What I learned from the lab was that there are more than one types of tissue. For starters, theres Epithelial tissue (covers the body surface and/or lines a body cavity), Connective tissue (fills the spaces between organs and tissues and provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs), Muscle tissue (composed of skeletal, smooth and Cardiac muscle which help supports and helps functions different parts of the body), and finally nervous tissue (transmits electrical signal from sensory receptors to effectors). Some connections I have made from this lab is that without tissues, the human body would A) not function, and B) not even live a second. Tissues, believe it or not, are vital to the human body. Every tissue is different for many reasons. Texture, function, location, etc. Some connections I've made between the anatomy of a tissue and its location/function is that muscle tissue is always in a place where the body needs it most. For example, in our notes, Histology Part II, it says the muscle tissue is "mostly in walls of hallow organs, walls of heart, and attached to bones." Muscle tissue helps the body move and function. I also connected that each tissue name is perfectly named because each tissue describes what it does. 

Red Blood Cells

• Describe its structural characteristics (shape, size, location, etc.). Does it have all the same organelles of the typical eukaryotic cell? Red Blood play a huge role in the human body. For example red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. It's the oxygen that gives the blood its defining red color. The shape of a red blood cell is almost like a donut. Red Blood cells are also 6-8 µm and are located through out the body in the vessels and veins of the body. Blood cells do have the same organelles of typical eukaryotic cells too. 

• Describe its function. What does it specialize in? Hemoglobin, the protein inside red blood cells  carries oxygen throughout your body. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, by transporting it into the lungs for you to exhale. Also a cool fact about Red blood cells is that they are made inside your bones, in the bone marrow and typically live for about 120 days.

• Find pictures/diagrams of this cell.  

• What kind of tissue is this classified as? Red Blood cells are defined as connective tissue 

Works Cited

Cell Specialization- Nerve Cells

• Find pictures/diagrams of this cell. 
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• Describe its structural characteristics (shape, size, location, etc.). Does it have all the same organelles of the typical eukaryotic cell? Nerve cells are cells that are found in the nervous system. Neurons (Nerve cells) have an outer membrane, a nucleus, and smaller structures called organelles that perform important functions. These cells also make up the Brain and the nervous system. And a cool trait about these cells to is that all of them look different from each other, meaning not one neuron looks alike. Cool, right! Neurons vary in size from 4 microns (.004 mm) to 100 microns (.1 mm) in diameter. Their length varies from a fraction of an inch to several feet. Also, a cool fact about Neurons is that the nerve cells transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. While variable in size and shape, all neurons have three parts. Dendrites receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body. The cell body contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells. The axon conducts messages away from the cell body.

• Describe its function. What does it specialize in? These cells are designed to stimulate other cells in the body in order to communicate. Neurons, a type of nerve cell, function by using electricity. Through electric messages, also known as action potential, neurons are able to take action in the cells they target.

• What kind of tissue is this classified as? The nerve cells are in the Nervous System which makes it nervous tissue.